2nd PUC History Question and Answer – MODERN PERIOD
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Karnataka 2nd PUC History Textbook Answers—Reflections Chapter 7
MODERN PERIOD Questions and Answers, Notes, and Summary
2nd PUC History CHAPTER 7
MODERN PERIOD
7.1 ADVENT OF EUROPEANS
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I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each
Question 1.
Who was the first Portuguese Governor in India?
Answer:
The first Portuguese Governor in India was Francisco de Almeida.
Question 2.
In which year was the ‘Dutch East India Company’ established?
Answer:
The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602.
Question 3.
Name the Capital of the Dutch in India.
Answer:
The capital of the Dutch in India was Pulicat.
Question 4.
When was the ‘French East India Company’ established?
Answer:
The French East India Company was established in 1664.
Question 5.
Which was the Capital of the French in India?
Answer:
The capital of the French in India was Pondicherry.
Question 6.
When was the ‘British East India Company’ established?
Answer:
The British East India Company was established in 1600.
Question 7.
Which was the first Capital of the British in India?
Answer:
The first capital of the British in India was Calcutta.
Question 8.
Name the treaty which ended the first Carnatic war.
Answer:
The treaty which ended the first Carnatic war was the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Question 9.
In which year was the battle of Plassey fought?
Answer:
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757.
Question 10.
In which year was the battle of Buxar fought?
Answer:
The Battle of Buxar was fought in 1764.
Question 11.
Name the treaty which ended the first Anglo Mysore war.
Answer:
The first Anglo Mysore war ended with the Treaty of Madras.
Question 12.
Name the treaty which ended the second Anglo Mysore war.
Answer:
The second Anglo Mysore war ended with the Treaty of Mangaluru.
Question 13.
Name the treaty which ended the third Anglo Mysore war.
Answer:
The third Anglo Mysore war ended with the Treaty of Srirangapattana.
Question 14.
Who was called ‘The Tiger of Mysore’?
Answer:
Tippu Sultan was called the Tiger of Mysore.
Question 15.
Who was the Governor General who introduced the subsidiary alliance?
Answer:
Lord Wellesley was the Governor General who introduced the Subsidiary Alliance.
Question 16.
Who was the first Indian ruler to accept the Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
The first Indian ruler to accept the Subsidiary Alliance was the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Question 17.
Who introduced the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in India?
Answer:
The ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in India was introduced by Lord Dalhousie.
II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each
Question 1.
Who conquered Goa from Adil Shahis of Bijapura and when?
Answer:
Alfonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa from the Adil Shahis of Bijapura in 1510.
Question 2.
Name any two trading centres of Portuguese in India.
Answer:
Two trading centres of the Portuguese in India were Goa and Diu.
Question 3.
Mention any two causes for the decline of Portuguese power in India.
Answer:
Two causes for the decline of Portuguese power in India were their corrupt administration and fanatic religious policy.
Question 4.
Name any two trading centres of Dutch in India.
Answer:
Two trading centres of the Dutch in India were Machalipattanam and Cochin.
Question 5.
Name any two trading centres of French in India.
Answer:
Two trading centres of the French in India were Pondicherry and Chandranagore.
Question 6.
Between whom was the battle of Plassey fought?
Answer:
The Battle of Plassey was fought between Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, and the British led by Robert Clive.
Question 7.
Mention any two terms of the treaty of Srirangapattana.
Answer:
Two terms of the Treaty of Srirangapattana were that Tippu Sultan had to cede half of his territories and pay 330 lakhs of rupees as war indemnity.
Question 8.
Name any two Indian states which accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer:
Two Indian states which accepted the Subsidiary Alliance were Mysore and Oudh.
Question 9.
Name any two Indian States, annexed by the British applying the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
Answer:
Two Indian states annexed by the British under the Doctrine of Lapse were Satara and Jhansi.
III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.
Question 1.
What were the causes and results of the battle of Plassey?
Battle of Plassey – 1757
Answer:
Bengal was a Subha under the Mughal Empire. The Nawab of Bengal Alivardhi khan became independent and Murshidabad was his capital. He maintained friendly relation with the British. He had no sons, hence he nominated Siraj-ud-daula, the son of his third daughter to succeed him. After the death of his grandfather Sirajuddula became the Nawab in 1756.
Causes
- Political cause
Siraj-ud-daula had many rivals like Shaukath Jung, Ghasti Begum, etc and they were supported by the British. - Misuse of Dastaks
Mughal Emperor had given permission to the British to trade in Bengal without tax. Dastaks were issued by the Government of Bengal to the East India Company, which exempted the custom duties on trade. The servants of the East India Company misused them for their private trade and also sold them to local merchants for profit. This resulted in the loss of income to the State..
- Shelter to the French
British and the French were rivals. The English captured Chandranagore, a French trading centre in 1756 and Siraj-ud-daula gave shelter to some Frenchmen which angered the British. - Capture of the Calcutta fort
The British who feared the French strengthened their fort at Calcutta without the permission of the Nawab. Siraj-ud-daula ordered them to demolish it. But the British refused to do so. Hence Siraj-ud-daula captured Calcutta fort in June 1756. But Robert Clive recaptured it, which led to the enmity between the two. - Shelter to Dewan Rajvallabha
Dewan Rajvallbha had not settled the accounts of his office and when he was forced by the Nawab to do so, he went over to the British and took shelter. This angered Siraj-ud-daula. - The Black Hole Tragedy
During an attack on Calcutta, Siraj-ud-daula is said to have captured 146 British and they were taken as prisoners and were lodged in a room of 15 x 18 feet. 123 of them died of suffocation and only 23 survived. This incident is called the ‘Black hole Tragedy’.
Results of the battle of Plassey :
1. British domination over Bengal:
The British established domination over the political life of Bengal. Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal. He was called a Sovereign but in actual practice he was nothing more than a puppet of the company. He could be removed from the throne any time, by the Company.
- Territorial gains for the British:
As a result, the British gained both in territorial as well as in finances. The Company received the 24 paraganas and other grants. The trade of the British Company greatly flourished and it made huge profits. Robert Clive was appointed as the Governor of Ben gal. - Establishing political supremacy:
The battle of Plassey left a deep impact on the course of Anglo-French conflict in Deccan. This battle laid the foundation for the British supremacy in India.
Question 2.
Write about the Subsidiary Alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
Subsidiary Alliance:
The Subsidiary Alliance was a military and political system introduced by Lord Wellesley in 1798. Its main aim was the expansion of the British Empire in India. Under this system, Indian rulers who entered into the alliance were required to maintain a British army in their state at their own expense. If the ruler could not afford the cost, he had to cede part of his territory to the British.
Conditions of the Subsidiary Alliance:
- The Indian state had to surrender its external affairs to the control of the Company. They could not wage war or conduct foreign relations without British permission.
- A British Resident was to be stationed at the court of the ruler.
- The ruler was not allowed to appoint foreigners in his administration or army without the prior permission of the Company.
- The British were responsible for protecting the state from external enemies.
- Indian states practically lost their independence and became financially weak.
Advantages to the British Company:
The Subsidiary Alliance system disarmed the Indian states and made them dependent on the British. It also reduced the threat of wars, checked French influence, and allowed the Company to gradually bring most of India under its control. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first ruler to accept the alliance. Later, the rulers of Mysore, Oudh, Travancore, Baroda, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bharatpur, Nagpur, and Gwalior also signed the treaty.
Doctrine of Lapse:
The Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie to expand the British Empire further. According to this policy, if the ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir, the state automatically passed under British control. Adoption of an heir by the ruler was not recognized, and the British annexed such states.
States Annexed Under the Doctrine of Lapse:
The British annexed Satara, Jaipur, Sambhalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Nagpur, Bhagatpur, and Coorg under this policy.
Conclusion:
The Doctrine of Lapse was unjustified both legally and ethically. Whether right or wrong, by 1856, nearly two-thirds of India came under British rule. The resentment caused by these policies contributed significantly to the outburst of the First War of Indian Independence in 1857.
Question 3.
Discuss the struggle of Tippu Sultan with the British.
Answer:
Tippu Sultan gained military experience by participating in his father Hyder Ali’s campaigns.
- First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769): Tippu helped capture forts like Tirupattur and Vaniyambadi. The war ended with the Treaty of Madras, restoring territories and promising mutual help.
- Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784): Tippu took command after his father’s death, defeated the British at Wandiwash, and besieged Mangalore. The war ended with the Treaty of Mangalore, restoring the status quo.
- Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–1792): Tippu attacked Travancore to expel the British. A coalition of the British, Marathas, and Nizam besieged Srirangapattana. He signed the Treaty of Srirangapattana, surrendering half his kingdom, paying a war indemnity, and sending two sons as hostages.
- Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799): Tippu refused the Subsidiary Alliance and sought French help. The British, Marathas, and Nizam attacked Mysore. Tippu died defending Srirangapattana, and his kingdom was divided among the British, Marathas, and Nizam. A portion was restored to the Wodeyars, with Krishnaraja Wodeyar III as king.
- Tippu Sultan is remembered as “The Tiger of Mysore” for his courage and resistance against British expansion.
IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences each.
Question 1.
Briefly explain the Carnatic wars.
Answer:
The Carnatic Wars were fought between the British and the French in South India during the 18th century, linked to their European rivalries.
- First Carnatic War (1746–1748):
It began due to the War of Austrian Succession in Europe. The French Governor Dupleix wanted to capture Madras and, with help from La Bourdonnais, took Madras in 1746. Later, Madras was returned to the British, but Dupleix recaptured it. The Nawab of Arcot, Anwaruddin, tried to intervene, sending 10,000 troops. In the Battle of St. Thome, a small French force of 1,100 defeated the Nawab’s army. The war ended with the Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty, restoring Madras to the British. - Second Carnatic War (1748–1754):
This war was caused by succession disputes in Arcot and Hyderabad. Dupleix supported Chandasaheb and Muzaffar Jung, while the British supported Anwaruddin and Nasir Jung. Anwaruddin was killed, and his son Mohammad Ali Chandasaheb became Nawab but was later killed. In Hyderabad, Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung fought, and eventually, Salabat Jung became Nizam with French support. Robert Clive captured Arcot, and Mohammad Ali became Nawab with British support. The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry (1754), where both powers agreed not to interfere in Indian politics. - Third Carnatic War (1758–1763):
Triggered by the Seven Years’ War in Europe, the British captured French settlements like Chandranagore. Count de Lally led the French against the British, but the British gained allies in Hyderabad. In 1760, the decisive Battle of Wandiwash resulted in British victory. The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war, restricting the French to trade only. - Conclusion:
The Carnatic Wars established British supremacy in South India, weakened French influence, and marked the beginning of British political control in India.
Question 2.
Give an account of the Anglo-Maratha wars.
Answer:
Anglo-Maratha Wars (1775–1818)
The Anglo-Maratha Wars were fought between the British East India Company and the Maratha Confederacy in India. These wars were primarily due to the British ambition to expand their territory in India and the internal conflicts among Maratha chiefs.
- First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782):
The war began when a faction of the Marathas invited the British to help them in the succession dispute for the Peshwa’s throne. The British supported Raghunath Rao against Madhav Rao II. The Marathas, under leaders like Mahadji Shinde and Tukoji Holkar, resisted effectively. The British suffered heavy losses and were unable to capture key Maratha territories. The war ended with the Treaty of Salbai (1782), which restored peace and maintained the status quo. - Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805):
This war broke out due to disputes among Maratha chiefs and their refusal to follow British demands. British forces, led by Arthur Wellesley and Lord Lake, defeated the Marathas in several battles, including Assaye and Argaon. As a result, the British gained large territories, including Delhi, Agra, and parts of central India, and Maratha power was significantly reduced. - Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818):
The final war erupted due to internal rivalries within the Maratha Confederacy. The British decisively defeated the Marathas under leaders like Peshwa Baji Rao II, Holkar, and Scindia. The war ended with the complete annexation of Maratha territories by the British, and the Peshwa was exiled to Bithur. After this war, the Marathas ceased to be a major power, and the British East India Company gained supremacy over India. - Conclusion:
The Anglo-Maratha Wars marked the decline of the Maratha Confederacy and established British dominance in India. They paved the way for the expansion of British rule in the Deccan and central India.
CHAPTER- 7.2
THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE – 1857
I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.
Question 1.
In which year did the first war of Indian Independence occur?
Answer:
The first war of Indian Independence occurred in 1857.
Question 2.
Name the Queen of Lucknow who revolted against the British during the first war of Indian Independence.
Answer:
The Queen of Lucknow who revolted against the British was Begum Hazrat Mahal.
Question 3.
Name the Indian soldier who killed the British sergeant in 1857.
Answer:
The Indian soldier who killed the British sergeant was Mangal Pandey.
Question 4.
Who revolted against the British at Kanpur in 1857?
Answer:
Nana Saheb revolted against the British at Kanpur.
Question 5.
Why did Queen Laxmi Bai of Jhansi revolt against the British?
Answer:
Queen Laxmi Bai revolted because the British refused to recognize her adopted son as her heir and threatened her.
II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.
Question 1.
What was the immediate cause for the first war of Indian Independence?
Answer:
The immediate cause was the introduction of Enfield rifles. The cartridges were rumored to be smeared with cow and pig fat, which offended Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
Question 2.
Write any two causes for the failure of the revolt of 1857.
Answer:
- The revolt was not nationalistic and was confined to only some regions.
- The rebels lacked proper leadership, weapons, and a common plan.
III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences
Question 1.
Write a note on the course of the First War of Indian Independence.
Answer:
Course of the War (Revolt):
- Mangal Pandey: The revolt began at Barrackpur (Bengal) on 29th March 1857 when the 34th Infantry refused to use new cartridges. Mangal Pandey killed a British sergeant who forced the soldiers to use them. He was arrested and hanged, becoming the first martyr of the revolt.
- Meerut Military: Indian soldiers at Meerut also refused to use the cartridges. They were imprisoned, but on 10th May 1857, other soldiers broke open the jail, released them, killed British officers, and burnt their houses. Their slogan was “Maro Phirangiko”.
- Delhi (Bahadur Shah II): The Meerut soldiers marched to Delhi on 11th May 1857 and captured it. The dethroned Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed ‘Emperor of India’, and the flag of independence was hoisted on the Red Fort. The loss of Delhi shocked the British. In September 1857, Delhi was recaptured by the British, and Bahadur Shah II was arrested and deported to Rangoon.
- Lucknow Revolt: In June 1857, Begum Hazrat Mahal declared her son Wajid Ali as the Nawab of Oudh. The British rejected this, so she revolted at Lucknow. The British attacked and captured Lucknow, and she fled to Nepal.
- Kanpur Incident: On 5th June 1857, Nana Saheb revolted against the British, captured Kanpur, and declared himself Peshwa. He was assisted by Tantia Tope, but the British under General Havelock recaptured Kanpur on 17th June 1857. Nana Saheb fled to Nepal.
- Jhansi Revolt: Protesting the Doctrine of Lapse, Rani Laxmi Bai of Jhansi, along with Tantia Tope, revolted and captured Gwalior. When the British under Hugh Rose attacked, she fought heroically and died on 17th June 1858.
Spread of the Revolt: The revolt spread rapidly across northern and central India—Kanpur, Lucknow, Bihar, Allahabad, Bareilly, Jagdishpur, Jhansi, and other regions. While some rulers remained loyal to the British, their soldiers and the local population joined the rebels.
IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences
Question 1.
Explain the causes and results of the first war of Indian Independence.
Answer:
Causes of the First War of Indian Independence (1857):
- Political Causes: The expansionist policies of the East India Company, interference in Indian states, and the Doctrine of Lapse angered kings, princes, zamindars, and tenants. The British policy of divide and rule also created resentment.
- Administrative Causes: The British replaced traditional administration with a new system, causing unemployment among local administrators. Indians were denied higher jobs, paid less than English officers, and laws like ‘rule of law’ and ‘equality before law’ created suspicion among Hindus and Muslims.
- Economic Causes: The British exploited India’s resources and wealth. India became a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods, causing unemployment among artisans and harming handicrafts. Land revenue policies were detrimental to farmers.
- Social and Religious Causes: The British humiliated Indians, passed social reform acts, and allowed Christian missionaries to spread Christianity, creating fear among Hindus and Muslims about the survival of their religion. Religious leaders encouraged resistance.
- Military Causes: Indian soldiers were humiliated, paid low salaries, and denied promotions above subedar. The General Service Enlistment Act (1856) forced them to serve anywhere, which violated Hindu and Muslim beliefs. Soldiers from Awadh were angered by its annexation.
- Immediate Cause: The introduction of Enfield rifles with cartridges rumored to be smeared with cow and pig fat offended Hindu and Muslim soldiers. The sepoys refused to use them, sparking the revolt.
Results of the Revolt:
- It awakened Indian patriotism.
- Hindus and Muslims united against the British.
- The East India Company’s rule ended; the British Crown took over administration.
- Queen Victoria’s 1858 proclamation promised:
a) No further annexation of Indian states.
b) Recognition of Indian rulers’ rights to adopt.
c) No interference in religious beliefs.
d) Better opportunities in administration for Indians. - Mughal rule ended.
Summary: The revolt began as a sepoy mutiny, became a rebellion of princes, and ended as the First War of Indian Independence, creating national awareness among Indians.
CHAPTER – 7.3
Impact Of British Rule On Economy And Education
I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each:
Question 1.
Who introduced the permanent revenue settlement?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis introduced the permanent revenue settlement in 1793.
Question 2.
Who propounded the drain theory?
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji propounded the drain theory.
Question 3.
Which was the book written by Dadabhai Naoroji?
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji wrote the book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
Question 4.
In which year was Wood’s Despatch prepared?
Answer:
Wood’s Despatch was prepared in 1854.
Question 5.
Which is known as Magna-Carta of English education in India?
Answer:
Wood’s Despatch of 1854 is known as the Magna-Carta of English education in India.
II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each:
Question 1.
Name any two Land Revenue systems introduced by British in India.
Answer:
The two land revenue systems introduced by the British were the Permanent Revenue Settlement (Zamindari system) and the Ryotwari system.
Question 2.
What is Ryotwari system?
Answer:
The Ryotwari system was introduced in Bombay and Madras Presidencies. Under this system, the cultivators, called Ryots, were given ownership of land and had to pay a fixed revenue directly to the government.
Question 3.
What is Mahalwari system?
Answer:
The Mahalwari system was introduced in North-Western India, Gangetic valley, and parts of Central India. In this system, the revenue unit was a Mahal, consisting of one or more villages, and the farmers were collectively responsible for paying the land revenue.
Question 4.
What was the opinion of Macaulay regarding the Eastern Literature?
Answer:
Macaulay believed that Eastern or Indian literature was inferior to European learning. He stated that “a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia.”
III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each:
Question 1.
Explain drain theory.
Answer:
The drain theory was propounded by Dadabhai Naoroji. According to this theory, the British were not interested in developing Indian agriculture or industry. Their main aim was to obtain raw materials like cotton, indigo, sugarcane, and tea for their factories in England and to secure commercial benefits. They avoided starting industries in India, making it a source of raw materials and a market for British goods. Indian artisans could not compete with machine-made products and became laborers at low wages.
Revenue systems like Ryotwari and Mahalwari favored zamindars and moneylenders, exploiting farmers further. Wealth flowed to England through salaries, pensions, profits, and administrative expenses. Excess taxation on Indian goods and low taxes on British products added to the loss. Naoroji highlighted this in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, stating that the drain of wealth was the main cause of India’s poverty. Nationalists later used this theory to awaken the masses against British rule.
Question 2.
Write about the impact of the British rule on Indian Education.
Answer:
Thomas Macaulay’s Minutes, 1835:
Lord William Bentinck appointed Thomas Macaulay to resolve the dispute between Orientalists and Anglicists. Macaulay favored the Anglicists and recommended that the accumulated funds (23 lakh) be used exclusively for promoting Western education through English as the medium. He believed that a single shelf of a good European library was worth more than all native Indian literature. Macaulay aimed to create a class of Indians who were “Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, opinions, and intellect.” His plan also sought to prepare Indians for service in the Company and spread English education.
Charles Wood’s Despatch, 1854:
Sir Charles Wood prepared a comprehensive report for the development of Indian education, known as the “Magna Carta of English education in India.” Key recommendations included:
- Primary schools in villages, high schools in towns, and colleges at district level.
- Primary education in vernacular languages and higher education in English, with opportunities to study Indian languages.
- Grants-in-aid to private educational institutions.
- Establishment of a Department of Public Instruction to supervise education.
- Technical and vocational training, and teacher training colleges.
- Universities at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras on the model of London University.
- Encouragement of women’s education.
Lord Dalhousie implemented these reforms, leading to significant improvements in Indian education and laying the foundation of the modern education system in India.
IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences:
Question 1.
Give an explanation about impact of British rule on Indian economy.
Answer:
Economic Impact: Land revenue was the main source of income for the British government in India. The British incurred huge expenditure on administration, maintaining a large army, and waging several wars. To meet these expenses, they introduced new systems of revenue collection in different provinces of India.
- Zamindari System (Permanent Revenue Settlement):
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Zamindari system in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Northern U.P. Under this system, the East India Company entered into agreements with Zamindars, giving them permanent ownership of the land. The Zamindars collected revenue from tenants and paid 89% of it to the Company.
Merits:
- The Company was assured of a regular and fixed income.
- Zamindars became a strong political force and remained loyal to the British.
Demerits: - Zamindars exploited peasants by collecting high revenue.
- They lived comfortably in cities and appointed agents to collect revenue, increasing the peasants’ hardships.
- Ryotwari System (Munro System):
Introduced by Governor Sir Thomas Munro in 1820 in Bombay and Madras Presidencies, this system established a direct settlement between the Company and the cultivator (Ryot). The Ryot was recognized as the owner of the land, provided he paid the land revenue regularly. The revenue was fixed at about 50% of the yield and assessed based on soil quality and crop type. Revenue was periodically revised every 20–30 years.
Demerits:
- Farmers were exploited due to high revenue demands.
- Revenue had to be paid even during droughts or floods.
- Many peasants borrowed from moneylenders and lost land ownership if they defaulted.
- Mahalwari System:
Introduced by Lord William Bentinck in 1828 in North-Western and Central India, this system involved settlements with an Estate or Mahal (village). Farmers were collectively regarded as landowners and responsible for paying the land revenue. Mahalwari was a combination of Zamindari and Ryotwari features.
Demerits:
- Heavy taxation burdened farmers and often pushed them into poverty.
- Collective responsibility sometimes led to disputes and unequal distribution of revenue burdens.
Overall, these revenue systems enriched the British and their allies while exploiting Indian farmers, leading to widespread rural poverty and disruption of traditional agrarian life.
Chapter 7.4
SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENT
I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each
Question 1.
Who was the founder of Brahmo Samaja?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Question 2.
Where was Raja Ram Mohan Roy born?
Answer:
Radhanagar, Bengal.
Question 3.
Who is called the ‘Father of Indian Renaissance’?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Question 4.
Who was the founder of Arya Samaja?
Answer:
Swami Dayananda Saraswati.
Question 5.
When was the Arya Samaja established?
Answer:
In 1875.
Question 6.
What is ‘Shuddhi Movement’?
Answer:
A movement to bring back converted Muslims and Christians into Hinduism.
Question 7.
Who gave the call ‘Go Back to Vedas’?
Answer:
Swami Dayananda Saraswati.
Question 8.
Name the work written by Dayananda Saraswati.
Answer:
Satyartha Prakasha.
Question 9.
Who established Ramakrishna Mission?
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda.
Question 10.
What was the original name of Vivekananda?
Answer:
Narendranath Datta.
Question 11.
When was the conference of World Religions held at Chicago?
Answer:
1893.
Question 12.
Who founded the Vedanta Samaja?
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda.
Question 13.
Who led the Theosophical Society in India?
Answer:
Annie Besant.
Question 14.
Who started the Aligarh Movement?
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each
Question 1.
Name the parents of Raja Rammohan Roy.
Answer:
Ramakant Roy and Tarinidevi.
Question 2.
When and where was Brahmo Samaja established?
Answer:
In 1828 at Calcutta.
Question 3.
When and where was Dayananda Saraswati born?
Answer:
In 1824 at Tankara, Gujarat.
Question 4.
Name the parents of Dayananda Saraswati.
Answer:
Krishnaji Tiwari and Yashodabai.
Question 5.
When and where was Arya Samaja established?
Answer:
In 1875 at Bombay.
Question 6.
When and where was Swami Vivekananda born?
Answer:
On January 12, 1863, at Calcutta.
Question 7.
When and where was Ramakrishna Mission established?
Answer:
In 1897 at Belur Math, Bengal.
Question 8.
Name the newspapers published by Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
Prabuddha Bharata (English) and Udbhodhana (Bengali).
Question 9.
Who established the Theosophical Society?
Answer:
Madam Blavatsky and Colonel Alcott.
III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each
Question 1.
Describe the role of Raja Rammohan Roy in socio- Raja Ram
Answer:
Mohan Roy, born in 1772 at Radhanagar, Bengal, is called the ‘Father of Indian Renaissance’. He was proficient in many languages and had deep knowledge of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Sufism. Influenced by Western education, he aimed to reform Indian society, opposing superstitions, idol worship, and blind beliefs. In 1828, he founded the Brahmo Samaja in Calcutta to promote monotheism and rational thinking. The Samaj worked against social evils like sati, polygamy, child marriage, caste discrimination, untouchability, and the pardah system.
It encouraged widow remarriage, inter-caste marriage, and women’s education. Ram Mohan Roy also supported modern education, maintained an English school, and established Vedanta College for teaching Indian knowledge and Western science. He strongly supported the Sati Prohibition Act of 1829 and published the Bengali journal Samvad Kaumudi to spread reformist ideas. His efforts inspired later reform movements and earned him a lasting place in Indian history.
Question 2.
Write about the role of Dayananda Saraswati in socio-religious movement.
Answer:
Swami Dayananda Saraswati, born in 1824 at Tankara, Gujarat, founded the Arya Samaja in 1875 at Bombay. His original name was Mula Shankara, and he became a sanyasi at 21. A scholar of the Vedas, he worked to revive Vedic Hinduism and criticized social evils like idol worship, pilgrimages, caste discrimination, child marriage, sati, and polygamy. He promoted female education, widow remarriage, inter-caste marriages, and interdining.
He started the Shuddhi Movement to bring converted Muslims and Christians back into Hinduism. Dayananda wrote Satyartha Prakasha and urged people to “Go Back to the Vedas.” The Arya Samaja started many educational institutions for boys and girls. His teachings inspired leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai and Swami Shraddhananda and contributed to social awakening, moral values, and nationalism.
Question 3.
Discuss the personality of Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda, born Narendranath Datta on January 12, 1863, at Calcutta, was a disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. After his Guru’s death, he spread his teachings and worked for social upliftment. He emphasized unity of all religions, tolerance, equality, and cooperation. Vivekananda supported education, women’s emancipation, and poverty eradication. He gained international fame at the World Religions Conference in Chicago, 1893.
He established Vedanta Samaja in America and Europe and founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 at Belur Math to run schools, hospitals, and relief programs. His message to the youth was: “Awake! Arise! Stop not till the goal is reached.” He published Prabuddha Bharata (English) and Udbhodhana (Bengali). Vivekananda’s personality combined spirituality, patriotism, and humanitarianism, inspiring millions as the ‘Patriotic Saint of India’.
CHAPTER 7.5
MYSORE – A MODEL STATE
I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each
Question 1.
Who transferred the capital from Mysore to Bengaluru?
Answer:
Mark Cubbon transferred the capital from Mysore to Bengaluru.
Question 2.
Name the first railway line laid in Mysore state.
Answer:
The first railway line laid in Mysore state was between Bengaluru and Jolarpet in 1859.
Question 3.
Where was Vishweshwaraiah born?
Answer:
Vishweshwaraiah was born at Muddenahalli in Chikkaballapura district.
Question 4.
In which year was Mysore University established?
Answer:
Mysore University was established in 1916.
Question 5.
Who founded the Kannada Sahitya Parishat?
Answer:
The Kannada Sahitya Parishat was founded by Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah.
Question 6.
Name the Bank established by Vishesharaiah.
Answer:
Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah established the Mysore Bank in 1913.
Question 7.
What was the famous slogan of Vishweshwaraiah regarding Industrial development?
Answer:
The famous slogan of Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah was “Industrialize or Perish.”
Question 8.
Who was the first Kannadiga who secured Bharata Ratna award?
Answer:
Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah was the first Kannadiga to secure the Bharata Ratna award in 1955.
Question 9.
Who built the Krishnaraja Sagara Dam?
Answer:
The Krishnaraja Sagara Dam was built by Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah.
Question 10.
Name the founder of NIMHANS in Bengaluru.
Answer:
NIMHANS in Bengaluru was founded by Sir Mirza Ismail.
Question 11.
Who built Brindavan Garden?
Answer:
Brindavan Garden was built by Sir Mirza Ismail.
II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each
Question 1.
Name two important commissioners of Mysore.
Answer:
Two important commissioners of Mysore were Mark Cubbon and Lewis Bentham Bowring.
Question 2.
Write any two administrative reforms of Mark Cubbon.
Answer:
Mark Cubbon shifted the capital from Mysore to Bengaluru and organized the judiciary and police departments.
Question 3.
Write any two administrative reforms of Bowring.
Answer:
Bowring reorganized the administration of Mysore into units and established the Department of Public Instruction.
Question 4.
Name any two important Dewans of Mysore.
Answer:
Two important Dewans of Mysore were Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah and Sir Mirza Ismail.
Question 5.
Name the parents of Vishweshwaraiah.
Answer:
The parents of Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah were Srinivasa Shastri and Venkatalakshmma.
Question 6.
Mention any two books written by Vishweshwaraiah.
Answer:
Two books written by Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah are A Vision of Prosperous Mysore and Reconstructing India.
Question 7.
Name any two industries established by Mirza Ismail.
Answer:
Two industries established by Sir Mirza Ismail were the Hindusthan Aeronautics Ltd. and the Glass Factory at Bengaluru.
III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 senences
Question 1.
Sketch the role of Mirza Ismail in making Mysore A Model State’.
Answer:
Sir Mirza Ismail was the Dewan of Mysore from 1926 to 1941 and played a key role in making Mysore a Model State. He encouraged industries by establishing Hindusthan Aeronautics Ltd., the Glass Factory, Porcelain Factory at Bengaluru, the Chemical Factory at Belagola, the Sugar Factory at Mandya, and the Steel and Paper Factory at Bhadravati. He also constructed an airport at Jakkur and started radio stations at Bengaluru and Mysore. To promote village industries, he set up a Khadi centre at Badanavala. The Irwin Canal was built during his time, which irrigated more than 1,20,000 acres in Mandya.
He developed parks and gardens in Mysore and Bengaluru and built the beautiful Brindavan Gardens. In the field of education, he passed the Primary Education Act, supported private schools, and introduced Kannada medium in high schools. Several hospitals such as Vanivilasa at Mysore, Meggan at Shivamogga, and Narasimharaja at Kolar were also started, along with NIMHANS at Bengaluru. The Silver Jubilee of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV was celebrated in his time, leading to the construction of temples, reading rooms, and hospitals. With his efforts in industry, irrigation, education, health, and beautification, Sir Mirza Ismail made a lasting contribution to Mysore’s progress and earned it the title of a ‘Model State’.
IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 senences
Question 1.
Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah is called the ‘Maker of Modern Mysore’ Explain.
Answer:
- Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah is known as the “Maker of Modern Mysore” for his visionary leadership and reforms. He was born on 15th September 1861 at Muddenahalli in Chikkaballapura district. After completing his engineering studies, he served the Bombay Government and later became Chief Engineer of Mysore in 1909. In 1912, Nalwadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar appointed him as Dewan of Mysore, a post he held till 1918.
- As Dewan, he brought many administrative reforms. He increased the members of the Legislative Council from 18 to 24 and established Village Reform Committees. Special plans were drawn up for the development of the Malnad region. In industry, he gave the famous slogan “Industrialize or Perish” and set up Bhadravati Iron and Steel Works, the Sandal Oil Factory, Soap Factory, Central Industrial Workshop, and Chrome Tanning Factory. He encouraged cottage industries like weaving, pottery, tiles, woodwork, and agarbatti. To promote trade, he founded the Mysore Chamber of Commerce and the Mysore Bank in 1913.
- In education, he introduced compulsory primary education, provided scholarships to backward classes, and encouraged women’s education. He established the Engineering College at Bengaluru, the Chamarajendra Technical Institute at Mysore, and an agricultural school at Hebbal. His greatest achievement was founding Mysore University in 1916. He also started the Kannada Sahitya Parishat in 1915.
- In irrigation, his most remarkable contribution was the construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam, which made Mandya a fertile district. He also developed new railway lines like Mysore–Arasikere and Bowringpete–Kolar. During World War I, he opened fair price shops, fixed grain prices, and stopped exports to control food shortages.
- He resigned in 1918 but continued to guide development activities. For his service, he was knighted by the British and awarded the Bharata Ratna in 1955, becoming the first Kannadiga to receive it. He lived for 101 years and wrote books such as A Vision of Prosperous Mysore and Reconstructing India.
Thus, through his reforms in administration, industry, education, and irrigation, Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah transformed Mysore into a progressive state and is rightly called the “Maker of Modern Mysore.”
Chapter 7.6
Indian National Movement.
I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.
Question 1.
Who presided over first session of the Indian National Congress?
Answer:
The first session of the Indian National Congress was presided over by W.C. Bannerjee.
Question 2.
Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905?
Answer:
Bengal was partitioned in 1905 to weaken the national movement by dividing Hindus and Muslims.
Question 3.
Which Satyagraha of Gandhiji forced the British to abolish Theenkathiya system?
Answer:
The Champaran Satyagraha forced the British to abolish the Theenkathiya system.
Question 4.
Which incident made Gandhiji to withdraw the Non-co-operation Movement?
Answer:
The Chauri Chaura incident made Gandhiji withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement.
Question 5.
Which was the popular slogan during the visit of Simon Commission to India?
Answer:
The popular slogan during the visit of Simon Commission was “Simon, Go Back.”
Question 6.
In which year was Poorna Swaraj declared by the Indian National Congress?
Answer:
Poorna Swaraj was declared by the Indian National Congress in 1929.
Question 7.
Which round table conference did Gandhiji attend?
Answer:
Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference.
Question 8.
When was the ‘Poona Pact’ signed?
Answer:
The Poona Pact was signed in 1932.
Question 9.
Who was famous as Netaji?
Answer:
Subhash Chandra Bose was famous as Netaji.
Question 10.
Expand INA.
Answer:
INA stands for Indian National Army.
Question 11.
Where were the INA trials held?
Answer:
The INA trials were held at the Red Fort, Delhi.
Question 12.
Who gave the call for ‘Direct Action Day’?
Answer:
Muhammad Ali Jinnah gave the call for Direct Action Day.
Question 13.
Who is popular as the ‘Iron Man of India’?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is popular as the Iron Man of India.
Question 14.
Where was the branch of Home Rule League established in Karnataka?
Answer:
The branch of Home Rule League in Karnataka was established at Hubli.
Question 15.
Expand KPCC.
Answer:
KPCC stands for Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee.
Question 16.
Who was famous as ‘Karnataka Kesari’?
Answer:
Aluru Venkata Rao was famous as Karnataka Kesari.
Question 17.
What was the popular slogan of Isur?
Answer:
The popular slogan of Isur was “Mahatma Gandhi ki Jai.”
II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.
Question 1.
When was the first session of the Indian National Congress held and Where?
Answer:
The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in 1885 at Bombay.
Question 2.
Mention any two objectives of Indian National Congress.
Answer:
The objectives of the Indian National Congress were to bring national leaders on one platform and to discuss problems of the people and place demands before the government.
Question 3.
Name any two Moderate leaders.
Answer:
Two Moderate leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopalakrishna Gokhale.
Question 4.
Name any two Extremist leaders.
Answer:
Two Extremist leaders were Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.
Question 5.
Who partitioned Bengal and when?
Answer:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905.
Question 6.
Who started the Home Rule League Movement?
Answer:
The Home Rule League Movement was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant.
Question 7.
Who was responsible for the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh? When did it occur?
Answer:
General Dyer was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which occurred on 13th April 1919.
Question 8.
Name any two leaders of Khilafat Movement.
Answer:
Two leaders of the Khilafat Movement were Ali Brothers – Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.
Question 9.
Who founded the Swaraj Party?
Answer:
The Swaraj Party was founded by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru.
Question 10.
Which Congress session declared ‘Poorna Swaraj’ as its aim? When was it held?
Answer:
The Lahore Session of 1929 declared Poorna Swaraj as its aim.
Question 11.
From where did Gandhiji start the ‘Salt March’ and where did it culminate?
Answer:
Gandhiji started the Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram and it culminated at Dandi.
Question 12.
Who signed the Poona Pact?
Answer:
The Poona Pact was signed by B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi.
Question 13.
Where was the first session of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee held and when?
Answer:
The first session of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee was held at Belagavi in 1924.
Question 14.
Where was the only Congress session presided by Gandhiji held and when?
Answer:
The only Congress session presided by Gandhiji was held at Belagavi in 1924.
III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.
Question 1.
What were the important factors that led to the growth of Indian Nationalism?
Answer:
The growth of Indian Nationalism was due to several important factors:
- Political Unity and Administration: The British brought the whole of India under one administration, creating a sense of unity and common problems among Indians.
- Impact of English Education: English education introduced liberal, democratic, and nationalist ideas. Educated Indians compared their condition with Europe and developed patriotic feelings.
- Discrimination against Indians: Indians were denied higher posts and treated as racially inferior. This humiliation created deep discontent among educated classes.
- Role of Press and Literature: Newspapers like Kesari, Hindu, Indian Mirror, and writings like Bankim Chandra’s Vande Mataram spread nationalist feelings. Scholars revived India’s cultural pride.
- Economic Exploitation: British policies ruined Indian industries, agriculture, and economy. India became a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods, causing poverty.
- Network of Communication: Railways, post, and telegraphs helped unite the people and spread nationalist ideas across provinces.
Thus, political, social, economic, and cultural factors together led to the rise of Indian Nationalism, making it the outcome of British rule itself.
Question 2.
Discuss briefly the causes for the rise of Extremism.
Answer:
The period from 1905 to 1920 is known as the era of Extremism in the Indian National Movement. Extremists believed that freedom could not be achieved through petitions but only through active struggle. Their prominent leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, popularly known as Lal-Bal-Pal.
Causes for the rise of Extremism:
- Failure of Moderates: The Moderates’ methods of prayers and petitions achieved no real results, which frustrated the younger generation.
- Famine and Plague (1896–1901): The British failed to provide relief, and harsh plague measures caused suffering. Tilak was even arrested during this period, which increased radical feelings.
- Unjust Indian Councils Act of 1892: It gave very limited powers to Indians, disappointing nationalists.
- Policies of Lord Curzon: His reactionary measures like the Calcutta Corporation Act, Indian Universities Act, and especially the Partition of Bengal (1905) angered Indians and boosted Extremism.
- Role of Indian Leaders: Thinkers like Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghosh, Dayananda Saraswati, Tilak, and Bankim Chandra inspired pride and self-confidence. Tilak popularized nationalism through Ganesh festival and Shivaji Jayanti.
- International Influence: Success of nationalist movements in Egypt, Turkey, Persia, and the unification of Italy and Germany encouraged Indians to fight for freedom.
Thus, Extremism rose due to British oppression, failure of moderate methods, and inspiration from leaders and world events.
Question 3.
Explain the role of Karnatka in the Indian National Movement.
Answer:
Karnataka played a significant role in the Indian National Movement. After the fall of Tippu Sultan in 1799, Mysore came under British control. The people of Karnataka opposed British policies and revolted at different times. Important early struggles include Dhondia Wagh’s revolt (1800), Kittur Rani Chennamma’s revolt (1824), Sangolli Rayanna’s revolt (1830), Bidanur revolt (1830), Coorg revolt (1834), and the Halagali Bedas’ revolt (1857).
With the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885, the freedom struggle became more organized. Leaders from Karnataka attended the first session in Bombay. The Belgaum Political Conference (1893) and Tilak’s Home Rule Movement gave further encouragement. Leaders like Alur Venkata Rao, Srinivas Rao Kaujalgi, and Gangadhar Rao Deshpande created nationalistic awareness.
During the Gandhian era, Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India Movements found strong support in Karnataka. N. S. Hardikar established the Hindustan Seva Dal in Hubli (1924). The Belgaum Congress Session in 1924, presided over by Gandhiji, was historic for the state.
Civil Disobedience saw leaders like R. R. Diwakar, M. R. Nadkarni, and others lead the Salt Satyagraha in coastal Karnataka. The Shivapura Flag Satyagraha (1938) and the Vidurashwatha tragedy (1938) became landmarks of sacrifice. In the Quit India Movement, the Isur village in Shimoga declared independence and bravely resisted British repression.
Thus, through revolts, participation in Congress, and Gandhian movements, Karnataka contributed immensely to India’s struggle for independence.
IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences each.
Question 1.
Trace the Indian National Movement from 1885 to 1920.
Answer:
The Indian National Movement entered a new phase after the revolt of 1857. It created a need for a common national organization that could unite Indians against British policies. Under the inspiration of A. O. Hume, the Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in 1885 at Bombay. The first session was presided over by W. C. Banerjee with 72 delegates, including four from Karnataka.
The main aims of the Congress were to promote unity among Indians, develop national feelings, present people’s demands before the Government, create political awareness, and demand more Indian participation in councils and services. The movement from 1885 to 1920 can be divided into two major phases – the Moderates (1885–1905) and the Extremists (1905–1920).
Moderate Phase (1885–1905):
Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Pheroz Shah Mehta, Surendranath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Badruddin Tyabji, and Madan Mohan Malaviya were moderates. They believed in the goodwill of the British and adopted the methods of prayer, petition, and protest. They organized meetings, submitted memorandums, and protested when necessary. Dadabhai Naoroji’s East India Association (1866) also voiced Indian issues in England.
The moderates exposed the exploitative character of British rule and demanded reforms. Their efforts led to the Indian Councils Act of 1892, which slightly increased Indian representation. However, British officials mocked them as “political mendicants” and accused the Congress of sedition. Despite limitations, the moderates sowed seeds of political consciousness and nationalism in India.
Extremist Phase (1905–1920):
After 1905, a younger generation of leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal–Bal–Pal) emerged. They believed that only radical methods could achieve self-rule. Extremists declared Swaraj as their ultimate goal.
Major events during this period included:
- Partition of Bengal (1905): Lord Curzon divided Bengal under the pretext of administrative convenience, but the real aim was to weaken nationalism. This sparked the Swadeshi Movement, boycott of foreign goods, and promotion of indigenous industries.
- Surat Split (1907): The INC split into moderates and extremists over differences in methods and leadership.
- Revolutionary Activities: Secret societies like Abhinav Bharat and Anusilan Samiti took to armed struggle.
- Formation of Muslim League (1906): With British encouragement, the League demanded separate electorates for Muslims, deepening the policy of divide and rule.
- Morley–Minto Reforms (1909): Increased legislative seats but introduced separate electorates, strengthening communal division.
- Home Rule Movement (1916): Started by Tilak and Annie Besant, it demanded self-government within the Empire. Tilak’s slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”, inspired the masses.
- Lucknow Pact (1916): Congress and Muslim League came together for common political demands.
- Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms (1919): Introduced diarchy in provinces but disappointed Indians.
- Rowlatt Act (1919): Allowed imprisonment without trial, which was widely opposed.
- Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): General Dyer ordered firing on unarmed people, killing hundreds, shocking the entire nation.
By 1920, the limitations of moderate and extremist methods were clear. A new era of the Gandhian movement began, where mass satyagraha and non-violent struggle became the guiding force.
Thus, from 1885 to 1920, the INC evolved from moderate petitions to extremist agitation, laying the foundation for mass participation under Gandhiji. Both Moderates and Extremists contributed immensely to shaping Indian nationalism and preparing the ground for independence.
Question 2.
Discuss the role of Gandhiji in Indian National Movement.
Answer:
The Indian National Movement entered a new phase after 1920 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Events like the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, the Rowlatt Act, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre deeply moved Gandhiji, who plunged into the struggle for freedom. He introduced Satyagraha based on truth, non-violence, and non-cooperation, which gave a new direction to the movement.
- Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22):
Gandhiji launched this movement with the support of the Congress at its Calcutta session in 1920. Students boycotted schools and colleges, lawyers left courts, and foreign goods were burnt. People adopted Swadeshi goods and khadi became a symbol of nationalism. The movement shook the foundations of British rule, but after the Chauri Chaura incident (1922), where a violent mob killed 22 policemen, Gandhiji called it off. - Swaraj Party (1923):
After the suspension, leaders like C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party to fight for reforms inside the legislatures. - Simon Commission (1927):
Appointed without Indian members, it was boycotted with the slogan “Simon Go Back”. - Nehru Report & Poorna Swaraj (1929):
The Nehru Report of 1928 suggested dominion status but failed due to communal divisions. At the Lahore Congress (1929), presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress declared Poorna Swaraj (complete independence) as its goal. 26th January 1930 was observed as Independence Day. - Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34):
Gandhiji placed 11 demands before the Government. When ignored, he launched the Dandi March (12th March–6th April 1930) and broke the salt law. This inspired mass satyagrahas across India. Gandhiji was arrested, but later released under the Gandhi–Irwin Pact (1931). He attended the Second Round Table Conference in London, but it failed over minority issues. The British announced the Communal Award (1932), granting separate electorates to Muslims and depressed classes. Gandhiji opposed this and signed the Poona Pact with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, agreeing to reserved seats instead. The movement eventually lost momentum by 1934. - Second World War and Cripps Mission (1939–42):
Without consulting Indians, Britain dragged India into WWII. Congress ministries resigned in protest. The Cripps Mission (1942) promised dominion status after the war, but Gandhiji rejected it as “a post-dated cheque on a failing bank.” - Quit India Movement (1942):
On 8th August 1942 at Bombay, Gandhiji gave the call of “Do or Die”. The British arrested Congress leaders immediately, but people launched mass protests, damaging railways, post offices, and government buildings. The movement faced brutal suppression, with over 60,000 arrests and thousands killed. - Cabinet Mission (1946):
Sent to plan the transfer of power, it rejected Pakistan but proposed a Constituent Assembly. The Muslim League disagreed and declared Direct Action Day (1946), leading to communal riots. - Independence & Partition (1947):
Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy, realized Hindu–Muslim unity was impossible. He announced the partition plan on 3rd June 1947. The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18th July 1947, creating India and Pakistan. On 15th August 1947, India became free. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister, and Lord Mountbatten the first Governor-General.
Thus, between 1920 and 1947, Gandhiji transformed the national movement into a mass struggle based on non-violence and truth. His leadership inspired millions, shook the British Empire, and finally brought India independence.
CHAPTER 7.7
Unification of Karnataka
I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.
Question 1.
Who persuaded the Princely States to join the Indian Union?
Answer:
Sardar Vallababhai Patel.
Question 2.
Which was the famous work of Alur Venkata Rao?
Answer:
Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava.
Question 3.
Who was the chairman of the States Reorganisation Committee?
Answer:
Fazl Ali.
Question 4.
Name the First Chief Minister of Mysore after the unification.
Answer:
S. Nijalingappa.
II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.
Question 1.
Name any two important leaders of the Unification of Karnataka.
Answer:
Alur Venkata Rao and Siddappa Kambli.
Question 2.
Mention any two Committees formed for reorganization of States.
Answer:
Dhar Committee and Fazl Ali Committee.
Question 3.
Name any two members of the JVP Committee.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallababhai Patel.
III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.
Question 1.
Trace the factors responsible for creating unity among Kannadigas during the unification of Karnataka.
Answer:
- The unification of Karnataka was the result of the collective efforts of leaders, writers, institutions, and the people of Karnataka. Newspapers such as Samyukta Karnataka, Vishala Karnataka, and Karnataka Vrutha created awareness and spread the message of unity among Kannadigas. Alur Venkata Rao inspired people through his famous work Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava and other writings. Institutions like Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha and Kannada Sahitya Parishad also played a major role in strengthening Kannada identity.
- Poets such as Huilgol Narayan Rao, Shantakavi, Kuvempu, B.M. Srikantaiah, and Mangesh Rao Pai wrote patriotic songs and poems which inspired the people. Organizations like the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee and Karnataka Sabha supported the cause of unification. Karnataka Sabha was later renamed as Karnataka Ekikarana Samiti with Siddappa Kambli as its first President.
- Gandhiji supported the idea of linguistic states during the Belgaum Congress Session of 1924. The Nehru Committee in 1928 also recommended unification. Many leaders like Siddappa Kambli, Alur Venkata Rao, Gudleppa Hallikeri, R.H. Deshpande, Goruru Ramaswamy Iyengar, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, and S. Nijalingappa devoted themselves to this cause. Committees like Dhar Committee, JVP Committee, and Fazl Ali Committee looked into the issue, though only the Fazl Ali Committee gave favorable recommendations.
Thus, through the contributions of writers, newspapers, organizations, leaders, and poets, a strong sense of Kannada unity was created, which finally resulted in the unification of Karnataka.
Question 2.
Briefly discuss the Unification Movement of Karnataka.
Answer:
- After India’s independence, there was growing demand for unification of states on linguistic basis. The Kannada-speaking regions were scattered under Bombay Presidency, Madras Presidency, Hyderabad State, Mysore State, and small princely states like Jamkhandi, Sandur, Mudhol, and others. People demanded the unification of these Kannada-speaking regions.
- The movement gained strength due to the writings of Alur Venkata Rao and the role of newspapers like Samyukta Karnataka and Vishala Karnataka. Kannada Sahitya Parishad and Karnataka Vidya Vardhaka Sangha worked for Kannada unity. Poems of Kuvempu, Huilgol Narayan Rao, and Shantakavi inspired people. Leaders like Siddappa Kambli, R.H. Deshpande, Gudleppa Hallikeri, Kengal Hanumanthiah, and S. Nijalingappa guided the movement.
- The Dhar Committee of 1948 rejected the idea of linguistic states. Later, the JVP Committee of 1949 allowed the formation of Andhra Pradesh but not Karnataka. This led to strong protests and agitations. Andanappa Doddameti even resigned from the Bombay Assembly and went on a fast.
- Finally, the Fazl Ali Committee (1953) recommended the formation of linguistic states. Its report was accepted and on 1st November 1956, the unified Mysore State was formed by merging the Kannada-speaking regions. S. Nijalingappa became its first Chief Minister. Later, on 1st November 1973, the name Mysore State was changed to Karnataka by Devaraj Urs.
Thus, the dream of Kannada-speaking people to live under one state was achieved after a long struggle and sacrifices, marking the success of the Karnataka Unification Movement.