I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who were the first among the Muslims to invade India?
Answer:
Arabs were the first among Muslims to invade India.

Question 2.
Name the famous book of Alberuni.
Answer:
Kitab-Ul-Hind is the famous book of Alberuni.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of the Slave dynasty?
Answer:
Qutub-ud-din Aibak was the founder of the Slave dynasty.

Question 4.
Who was the founder of the Khilji dynasty?
Answer:
Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder of the Khilji dynasty.

Question 5.
Who was the commander of Alla-ud-din Khilji who led the Southern expedition?
Answer:
Malik Kafur was the commander of Alla-ud-din Khilji for the Southern expedition.

Question 6.
Who was called “The Parrot of India”?
Answer:
Amir Khusru was called “The Parrot of India”.

Question 7.
Who was the founder of the Tughlak dynasty?
Answer:
Ghiyasuddin Tughlak was the founder of the Tughlak dynasty.

Question 8.
Who was the famous Sultan of Tughlak dynasty?
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlak was the famous Sultan of the Tughlak dynasty.

Question 9.
Who shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri?
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlak shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri.

Question 10.
Who introduced token Currency?
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlak introduced token currency.

Question 11.
Who commenced the construction of Qutub Minar at Delhi?
Answer:
Qutub-ud-din Aibak commenced the construction of Qutub Minar.

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
In which year did the second battle of Tarain take place? Between whom was it fought?
Answer:
The second battle of Tarain took place in 1192 C.E. It was fought between Prithviraj Chauhan and Mohammad Ghori.

Question 2.
Name any two dynasties of Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
The Slave dynasty and the Khilji dynasty.

Question 3.
Name any two important monuments constructed by Alla-ud-din Khilji.
Answer:
Alai Darwaza and Fort of Siri were constructed by Alla-ud-din Khilji.

Question 4.
Why did Alla-ud-din Khilji call himself as ‘Sikandar”?
Answer:
He called himself ‘Sikandar’ because he had conquered almost the entire India and compared himself to Alexander the Great.

Question 5.
Name any two generals of Alla-ud-din Khilji.
Answer:
Ulugh Khan and Malik Kafur were two important generals of Alla-ud-din Khilji.

Question 6.
Give any two causes for the transfer of capital by Mohammad bin Tughlak.
Answer:

1. To safeguard the capital from Mongol invasions.
2. To place the capital in the center of the empire for better administration.

Question 7.
Name two historians of Tughlak period.
Answer:
Zia-ud-din Barani and Ibn Batuta.

Question 8.
Who started the writing of “Tarik-i-Firozshahi”? Who completed it?
Answer:
Barani started writing Tarik-i-Firozshahi, and Shams-i-Siraj Afif completed it.

Question 10.
Name two books of Amir Khusrau.
Answer:
Khazyan-ul-Futuh and Tarkish-i-Alai are two books of Amir Khusrau.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the South Indian expedition of Alla-ud-din Khilji.

Answer:
Alla-ud-din Khilji was the first Muslim ruler to attempt the conquest of South India. He deputed his general Malik Kafur for the campaign. The first expedition was to Devagiri (1307 CE), where Ramachandradeva was defeated, and Devaladevi was captured and married to Khizer Khan. Ramachandradeva agreed to pay tribute. In 1309 CE, Malik Kafur attacked Warrangal, forcing King Prataparudradeva to surrender gold, elephants, and horses. In 1310 CE, Dwarasamudra (Halebidu) was attacked, temples looted, and Vira Ballala III paid tribute.

In 1311 CE, Malik Kafur marched to Madhurai during a civil war, looted towns and temples, reached Rameshwaram, destroyed a temple, and built a mosque. The last expedition in 1312 CE was against Shankaradeva of Devagiri, who was defeated and annexed. By 1312 CE, Alla-ud-din’s empire extended from Lahore to Madhurai and from Bengal to Gujarat. He issued coins with the title “Sikandar,” reflecting his ambition.

Question 2.
Explain the reforms of Alla-ud-din Khilji.

Answer:
Alla-ud-din Khilji strengthened administration, keeping strict control over nobles, restricting marriages, appointing spies, and preventing secret meetings. Military reforms included a strong army, branding of horses, descriptive registers, abolishing Jagirs, and paying salaries in cash. Ariz-i-Mumalik managed appointments. Revenue reforms included scientific land measurement, heavy taxation of nobles, Jaziya on non-Muslims, and appointing Mustakhraj to prevent corruption.

Economic reforms involved market regulation, fixing prices of essential goods, and storing grains in government granaries. Cheating in weights and measures was severely punished. These reforms strengthened the state, army, and helped the common people.

Question 3.
Why is Mohammad bin Tughlak called a ‘Mixture of Opposites?

Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlak was highly intelligent, a learned scholar, excellent speaker, and talented calligraphist with knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy. However, his administrative experiments often failed due to poor planning. Tax increase in Doab caused distress, transferring the capital to Daulatabad led to thousands of deaths, and the token currency experiment failed, causing economic collapse. Despite good intentions, his policies caused suffering, making him unpopular and giving him the reputation of a ‘Mixture of Opposites’.

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Alla-ud-din Khilji.

Answer:

1. Conquest of North India

1. Conquest of Gujarat (1297 CE):

• Gujarat was ruled by Rajput king Karnadeva.
• In 1297 CE, Ulugh Khan and Nazarath Khan, the generals of Alla-ud-din, attacked Gujarat and captured Anhilwada, Somanatha, and Cambay.
• Karnadeva fled to Devagiri with his daughter Devaladevi.
• Kamaladevi, the queen of Karnadeva, was captured and later married by Alla-ud-din Khilji.
• During this expedition, Malik Kafur, a eunuch, was purchased for one thousand dinars, and became famous as Hazar Dinari.

2. Conquest of Ranthambore (1301 CE):

• Raja Hamira Deva, ruler of Ranthambore, gave shelter to some Neo-Muslims, which angered Alla-ud-din.
• Ulugh Khan and Nazarath Khan led a siege that lasted 11 months.
• Ranthambore was captured, and Hamira Deva was killed.

3. Conquest of Mewar (Chittor) (1303 CE):

• The Sisodias of Mewar were highly respected among Rajputs. Their fort at Chittor was considered unconquerable.
• According to tradition, Alla-ud-din attacked Chittor because of his desire for Padmini, the wife of Rana Ratan Singh.
• When defeat was certain, Padmini and other Rajput women performed Jauhar (self-immolation to protect honour).
• Chittor was captured, and Alla-ud-din’s son Khizer Khan was made its governor.

4. Other Conquests:

• By 1305 CE, Alla-ud-din also captured Malwa, Ujjain, Mandu, Dhar, Chanderi, and Jalore, completing his northern conquests.

5. Mongol Raids:

• Between 1296 and 1308 CE, Alla-ud-din faced more than six Mongol invasions.
• The Mongols, supported by Neo-Muslims, posed a constant threat.
• Alla-ud-din took strict measures: building roads and forts, establishing garrisons, maintaining strong armies, and ordering the massacre of Neo-Muslims.

2. South Indian Campaign

Alla-ud-din Khilji was the first Muslim ruler to attempt the conquest of South India. He sent his general Malik Kafur on these expeditions.

1. Expedition to Devagiri (1307 CE):

• King Ramachandradeva of Devagiri had sheltered Karnadeva and Devaladevi and also withheld annual tribute.
• Malik Kafur, with 30,000 soldiers, defeated him.
• Devaladevi was captured and married to Khizer Khan.
• Ramachandradeva agreed to pay tribute regularly.

2. Warangal Expedition (1309 CE):

• Malik Kafur besieged Warangal, ruled by Prataparudradeva.
• The king surrendered, offering a golden statue of himself, 100 elephants, 7,000 horses, and immense wealth.
• Historian Amir Khusrau wrote that Malik Kafur returned with booty carried by a thousand camels groaning under its weight.

3. Conquest of Dwarasamudra (1310 CE):

• Malik Kafur attacked Dwarasamudra (Halebidu), ruled by Vira Ballala III.
• The sudden attack looted the capital, temples were destroyed, and elephants, horses, and treasures were surrendered.
• Vira Ballala III agreed to pay annual tribute.

4. Conquest of Madurai (1311 CE):

• Civil war was ongoing between Sundara Pandya and Veera Pandya.
• Malik Kafur plundered important towns and temples, reaching Rameshwaram, where he destroyed the great temple and built a mosque.
• He returned to Delhi with immense spoils in 1311 CE.

5. Second Expedition to Devagiri (1312 CE):

• King Shankaradeva of Devagiri withheld tribute and attempted independence.
• Malik Kafur defeated and killed him, annexing Devagiri into the Delhi Sultanate.

3. Extent of the Empire

• By 1312 CE, Alla-ud-din Khilji’s empire stretched from Lahore in the North to Madurai in the South, and from Bengal in the East to Gujarat in the West.
• He became the master of almost the whole of India.
• Though he dreamt of conquering the world, he had to remain satisfied with his Indian empire.
• He even issued coins with the title “Sikandar” (Alexander II).

Question 2.
Critically examine the administrative experiments of Mohammad-bin-Tughalak.

Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughalak (1325–1351 CE) is remembered for his bold but controversial administrative experiments.

1. Increase of Taxes in the Doab:
   The fertile Doab region, between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna, was heavily taxed to increase state revenue. However, the hike came during a period of drought, causing great distress. Farmers who failed to pay were harshly punished, making the Sultan very unpopular.
2. Transfer of Capital (1327 CE):
   To protect Delhi from Mongol invasions and to place the capital at the center of his empire, Muhammad shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri, renaming it Daulatabad. He forced the entire population to move. Chroniclers like Barani and Ibn Batuta describe the extreme hardships—long journeys, disease, hunger, and dacoit attacks—that caused immense suffering and death. Later, realizing his mistake, he ordered everyone to return to Delhi, worsening the tragedy.
3. Token Currency Reform (1329–1332 CE):
   To save gold and silver, the Sultan introduced copper coins with the same value as silver tankas. Since private minting was not restricted, counterfeit coins flooded the market. Taxes were paid in fake coins, trade collapsed, and the treasury became empty when he recalled the copper coins in exchange for gold and silver. The experiment ended in total failure.

Character and Legacy:
Muhammad-bin-Tughalak was a scholar, calligraphist, and devout Muslim with deep knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and logic. However, his well-meant policies were poorly planned and badly executed, earning him the title of “a mixture of opposites.”

He died at Tatta in 1351 CE. The nobles chose Firoz Shah Tughalak as his successor. After the Tughalaks, the Sayyids and later the Lodis ruled Delhi. The last Lodi ruler, Ibrahim Lodi, was defeated by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE), which marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire.

Question 3.
Give an account of the contributions of Sultanate of Delhi.

Answer:

1. Administration:
   The Delhi Sultanate was a theocratic state where laws were based on Shariat. The Ulema played an important role in advising rulers, though Ala-ud-din Khilji kept them away from politics. The Sultan, known as the Naib of the Khalifa, was the supreme head with legislative, executive, and judicial powers. He was assisted by ministers who managed departments like revenue, foreign affairs, markets, agriculture, military, and justice.
2. Revenue:
   The main sources of income were land revenue, war booty, annual tributes, and taxes like house tax, water tax, religious tax, and poll tax (Jizya). Land revenue was collected in cash or kind.
3. Justice:
   The chief justice (Qazi-ul-Qazat) supervised the judicial system, assisted by other qazis and muftis. The Kotwal maintained law and order in cities. Criminal laws were often harsh.
4. Army:
   The Sultanate was a military state with cavalry, infantry, and elephants. The Sultan was the commander-in-chief, while the Diwan-i-Ariz managed the army. Officers, except qazis, performed both civil and military duties.
5. Provincial Administration:
   The empire was divided into provinces (Iqtas) under governors (Naib Sultans). They collected revenue, maintained armies, and kept order but were often transferred to prevent rebellion. Provinces were divided into Shiqs and Paraganas, managed by Shiqdars and Amils. Villages had local officers like Chaudhari, Patwari, and Chaukidar.
6. Literature:
   Persian and vernacular literature flourished. Amir Khusro, known as the Parrot of India, wrote Khazyan-ul-Futuh and Tughlaq Nama. Amir Hasan Dehlavi and Hasan Nizami were other notable writers. Historians like Zia-ud-din Barani, Ibn Batuta, and Shams-i-Siraj Afif enriched historical writing.
7. Art and Architecture:
   The Sultans developed a new Indo-Islamic style blending Hindu and Islamic traditions. Key features were arches, domes, minarets, and grand gateways. Important monuments include:
   • Qutub Minar (started by Qutub-ud-din Aibak, completed by Iltutmish).
   • Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque (Delhi) and Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra (Ajmer).
   • Ala-ud-din Khilji’s works: Alai Darwaza, Fort of Siri, Jamait Khan Masjid.
   • Tughlaq monuments: Firoz Shah built cities like Firozabad, Fatehabad, Hissar, and Jaunpur.

CHAPTER 5.2

THE MUGHALS