I. Answer in a word or sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the first consul of France?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was the first consul of France.

Question 2.
Who was Admiral Nelson?
Answer:
Admiral Nelson was the British naval commander who defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Trafalgar.

Question 3.
In which year did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself as the Emperor of France?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself as the Emperor of France in 1804.

Question 4.
Who established the Bank of France?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte established the Bank of France in 1805.

Question 5.
Which University was founded by Napoleon Bonaparte?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte founded the University of France in 1808.

Question 6.
Who imposed the continental system?
Answer:
The continental system was imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 7.
Where did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte died on the island of St. Helena.

Question 8.
Which was the last battle of Napoleon Bonaparte?
Answer:
The last battle of Napoleon Bonaparte was the Battle of Waterloo.

Question 9.
Who is called as the second Justinian?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte is called the second Justinian.

Question 10.
In which year was the Battle of Waterloo fought?
Answer:
The Battle of Waterloo was fought in 1815.

II. Answer in two or three sentences each.

Question 1.
Name the parents of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte’s parents were Count Charles Bonaparte and Countess Leticia Romalina. They belonged to a noble family from the island of Corsica.

Question 2.
Where and in which year was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was born at Ajaccio in the island of Corsica on August 15, 1769. His early life in Corsica shaped his ambition and determination.

Question 3.
Between whom and when was ‘Tilsit Treaty’ concluded?
Answer:
The Treaty of Tilsit was concluded between Napoleon Bonaparte of France and Tsar Alexander I of Russia. It was signed in 1807 after Napoleon’s victory.

Question 4.
What is Concordat?
Answer:
The Concordat was a religious treaty signed between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII in 1802. It re-established Catholicism as the state religion of France and restored relations with the Papacy.

Question 5.
What is Continental system?
Answer:
The Continental System was a policy introduced by Napoleon in 1806 to weaken Britain by banning British goods in European countries. It ultimately harmed France and Europe more than England.

Question 6.
What is Legion of Honour?
Answer:
The Legion of Honour was an award instituted by Napoleon Bonaparte to honor those who rendered meritorious military and civil services to the state. It was based on equality without class or religious distinction.

III. Answer in 15-20 lines each.

Question 1.
Write about the life and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:

• Napoleon Bonaparte was born at Ajaccio in the island of Corsica on 15th August 1769. His parents were Count Charles Bonaparte and Countess Leticia Romalina. He grew up with strong self-confidence, ambition, and hard work. He studied at Brienne and the Military Academy in Paris, where he developed a keen interest in military science. At the age of seventeen, he joined the French army as an artillery officer.
• During the French Revolution, Napoleon gained fame by suppressing two rebellions against the French government. In 1796, he was appointed commander of the French army in Italy and achieved great victories against Sardinia and Austria, securing the Treaty of Campo Formio. He later launched an expedition to Egypt, where he won the Battle of the Pyramids but was defeated by Admiral Nelson at the Battle of the Nile.
• In 1799, Napoleon overthrew the Directory by a coup d’état and established the Consulate, becoming the First Consul. By 1804, through a plebiscite, he crowned himself as Emperor of France. His administrative reforms, introduction of the Code Napoleon, educational improvements, and economic measures strengthened France. Napoleon rose from a young Corsican soldier to become one of the greatest rulers of Europe, marking the period from 1799–1815 as the “Napoleonic Era.”

Question 2.
Write about the military expeditions of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:

• Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the greatest military geniuses in history. His first major success came in the Italian Campaign (1796–97), where he defeated Sardinia and Austria, leading to the Treaty of Campo Formio. He then launched an expedition to Egypt to weaken Britain, winning the Battle of the Pyramids but losing at the naval Battle of the Nile to Admiral Nelson.
• In 1804, after declaring himself Emperor, Napoleon faced coalitions formed by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England. In 1805, the French fleet was defeated at the naval Battle of Trafalgar, but Napoleon won a decisive land victory at the Battle of Austerlitz against Austria and Russia. He signed the Treaty of Tilsit with Tsar Alexander I of Russia in 1807, which brought much of Europe under his influence.
• To weaken Britain, Napoleon introduced the Continental System in 1806, banning British trade in Europe. However, this policy backfired and created resistance. His campaign in Spain failed due to guerilla warfare and British intervention, which he called the “Spanish Ulcer.” In 1812, he launched the Russian Campaign, but it ended in disaster as his army perished in the severe winter.
• The coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England defeated him at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. After his exile to Elba, he returned for the “Hundred Days,” but was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 by the Duke of Wellington. His military expeditions made him famous but also led to his downfall.

Question 3.
Discuss the continental system of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:

• The Continental System was an economic policy introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806 to weaken Britain. He realized that Britain’s strength lay in its trade and commerce, which supported its powerful navy. Through the Berlin Decree (1806) and the Milan Decree (1807), Napoleon ordered that British goods be excluded from all European markets.
• The aim of this system was to cut off Britain from European trade, hoping to destroy its economy and force it into submission. Napoleon attempted to enforce this blockade throughout Europe, including Spain, Portugal, and Russia.
• However, the policy failed to achieve its objective. Instead of crippling Britain, the system harmed European nations, which depended heavily on British imports such as manufactured goods and colonial products. Many countries began to resist and secretly traded with Britain. Spain revolted against Napoleon’s interference, leading to a long war. Russia openly violated the system, which led Napoleon to invade Russia in 1812—a disastrous campaign for him.
• Thus, the Continental System became one of Napoleon’s greatest blunders. Instead of weakening Britain, it weakened France’s economy and created discontent in Europe, ultimately contributing to his decline.

Question 4.
Explain the causes for the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:

• Napoleon Bonaparte was a brilliant leader, but several factors led to his downfall. His excessive ambition and pride made him overextend his empire. His rule depended mainly on military power, and his soldiers, drawn from different nationalities, lacked unity and loyalty.
• The rise of nationalism in Spain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia turned people against him. His interference in Spain led to a national revolt supported by Britain, which drained French resources. The Continental System (1806) also failed, as it hurt France and Europe more than Britain, leading to economic hardships and resentment.
• The Russian Campaign of 1812 was a turning point in his decline. The French army suffered terrible losses due to the cold winter, hunger, and Russian resistance, leaving Napoleon weakened. After this, his enemies formed the Fourth Coalition and defeated him at Leipzig in 1813.
• Other causes included his weak navy compared to Britain, constant opposition from England, betrayal by his allies, and his poor treatment of the Pope, which angered Catholics. Finally, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in 1815 by the Duke of Wellington and was exiled to St. Helena, where he died in 1821.
• Thus, his downfall was due to his ambition, failed policies, military defeats, and the growing spirit of nationalism in Europe.

Question 5.
Napoleon Bonaparte was “The Child of Revolution” and “the Destroyer of Revolution.” – Justify this statement.
Answer:

• Napoleon Bonaparte is often called both “The Child of the Revolution” and “the Destroyer of the Revolution.” He was the child of the French Revolution because he rose to power during the revolutionary period, which destroyed the old monarchy and opened opportunities for talent. His reforms reflected the ideals of the Revolution, such as equality before law, merit-based society, religious toleration, and abolition of feudal privileges. His Code Napoleon preserved many revolutionary principles and influenced Europe for centuries.
• At the same time, Napoleon acted as the destroyer of the Revolution. Though he initially upheld republicanism, he overthrew the Directory and made himself First Consul, later crowning himself Emperor in 1804. France remained a republic only in name, while he established an authoritarian rule. He limited freedom of the press, restricted political liberty, and centralized power in his hands.
• Moreover, his military campaigns across Europe spread revolutionary ideals but also imposed arbitrary governments, turning him into a conqueror rather than a liberator. His ambition for personal glory overshadowed the original revolutionary goals of liberty and democracy.
• Thus, Napoleon was truly a child of the Revolution in his rise and reforms, but he also destroyed its spirit by establishing dictatorship and pursuing endless wars.

IV. Answer in 30-40 lines each.

Question 1.
Describe the administrative reforms of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was not only a great military general but also an able administrator. His period of rule brought stability to France after the chaos of the French Revolution. His administrative reforms transformed France into a modern state and left a permanent impact on Europe.

1. Centralized administration:
   Napoleon centralized the entire system of local government. France was divided into Provinces or Departments, which were subdivided into Arrondissements and Communes. Prefects and Sub-Prefects, appointed by him, controlled these divisions and were directly responsible to him. This ensured uniform enforcement of laws.
2. Secretariat of State:
   He developed the Secretariat of State into a powerful office that supervised the administration efficiently. His loyal police force and army supported the smooth functioning of this centralized authority.
3. Code Napoleon:
   His greatest achievement was the introduction of the Code Napoleon. It included the Civil Code, Penal Code, Code of Civil Procedure, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Commercial Code. These provided civil equality, religious tolerance, property rights, and legal uniformity. These codes influenced not only France but also other European countries. For this, Napoleon is often called the “Second Justinian.”
4. Religious reform – The Concordat:
   Napoleon signed a treaty with Pope Pius VII in 1802 known as the Concordat. It restored Catholicism as the state religion of France but kept the Church under state control. This healed the breach between the Church and the Revolution.
5. Educational reforms:
   Napoleon introduced a national system of education with four grades: elementary, secondary, higher, and special schools. He established technical, civil service, and military schools. In 1808, he founded the University of France to maintain standards. Christian ethics and loyalty to the state were emphasized.
6. Public works:
   He undertook massive public works to reduce unemployment. Roads, bridges, canals, and new streets were built. Paris was beautified with arches and monuments such as the Louvre Museum. France was modernized and connected with other European regions.
7. Economic reforms:
   Napoleon improved financial administration by establishing the Bank of France in 1805. Taxes were collected efficiently, corruption was reduced, and trade and industry were encouraged. Stock exchanges were regulated, and national debt was reduced.
8. Legion of Honour:
   To reward merit, Napoleon instituted the Legion of Honour, an award given for civil and military services, irrespective of class or religion.

Conclusion:
Napoleon’s administrative reforms brought order, efficiency, and modernization in France. They reflected revolutionary ideals like equality and merit but under an authoritarian framework. His reforms became the foundation of modern France and influenced many European countries.

Question 2.
Write about rise and conquests of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte is remembered as one of the greatest military leaders in world history. His rise from an ordinary Corsican soldier to Emperor of France is remarkable. His conquests extended French influence over much of Europe, though his ambition eventually led to his downfall.

Rise of Napoleon:
Napoleon was born in Corsica on August 15, 1769. He studied at Brienne and later at the Military Academy of Paris. At seventeen, he joined the French army as an artillery officer. During the French Revolution, he gained fame by suppressing rebellions. In 1796, he was appointed commander of the French army in Italy. His Italian campaign was highly successful, defeating Sardinia and Austria, leading to the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797.

He also launched an Egyptian campaign against Britain, winning the Battle of the Pyramids but losing the naval Battle of the Nile to Admiral Nelson. In 1799, he overthrew the Directory by a coup d’état and established the Consulate, becoming the First Consul. In 1804, he crowned himself as Emperor of France through a plebiscite.

Conquests of Napoleon:
Napoleon’s military genius brought him victories across Europe.

• In 1805, though his fleet was defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar by Admiral Nelson, he won the Battle of Austerlitz against Austria and Russia, his greatest triumph.
• In 1807, he concluded the Treaty of Tilsit with Tsar Alexander I of Russia, making France the dominant power in Europe.
• He imposed the Continental System in 1806, aiming to cripple Britain’s economy by banning its goods in Europe. However, it harmed France and created resentment.
• His intervention in Spain, where he placed his brother Joseph on the throne, led to a national revolt supported by Britain, which Napoleon later called the “Spanish Ulcer.”
• In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia after Tsar Alexander violated the Continental System. The campaign ended in disaster due to the Russian “scorched earth policy” and severe winter, costing him most of his army.
• In 1813, he was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig by the coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England.
• He was exiled to Elba but returned in 1815 for the “Hundred Days.” Finally, he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington and exiled to St. Helena, where he died in 1821.