1st PUC History Question and Answer – World Revolutions

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Karnataka 1st PUC History Textbook Answers—Reflections Chapter 8

World Revolutions Questions and Answers, Notes, and Summary

1st PUC History Chapter 8

World Revolutions

8.1. Industrial Revolution

Scroll World Revolutions 8.1. Industrial Revolution

I. Answer in 1 word or 1 sentence each.

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘revolution’?
Answer:
‘Revolution’ means to revolve or to turn around.

Question 2.
What was the period in which the Industrial Revolution took place?
The Industrial Revolution took place during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Question 3.
Mention on which particular field the Industrial Revolution had its profound effect.
The Industrial Revolution had its profound effect on the manufacturing sector.

Question 4.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin at first?
The Industrial Revolution began first in England.

Question 5.
Who invented Water Frame?
Richard Arkwright invented the Water Frame.

Question 6.
Who invented the Spinning Jenny?
James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny.

Question 7.
Mention the city in which Cotton Revolution began first.
The Cotton Revolution began first in Manchester.

Question 8.
Which city is called the ‘Power house of the North’?
Manchester is called the ‘Power house of the North’.

Question 9.
Where was the Coal Mining started first?
Coal mining was started first in Newcastle, England.

Question 10.
Why is James Watt famous for?
James Watt is famous for improving and perfecting the steam engine.

II.Answer in 2 words or 2 sentences

Question 1.
What is meant by Revolution?
Revolution means a sudden and fundamental change. It brings major transformation in political, social, or economic life.

Question 2.
Mention the fields in which changes took place during the Industrial Revolution.
Changes took place in agriculture, industry, transport, and society. These changes transformed economic and social life.

Question 3.
Mention any two chemicals invented during the Industrial Revolution.
Sulphuric acid and sodium carbonate were two important chemicals invented. They were widely used in industries like glass, textiles, soap, and paper.

Question 4.
Who invented Gas Lighting on large scale? Which was the City where the Gas Lighting was introduced first?
William Murdoch invented gas lighting on a large scale. It was first introduced in London.

III. Answer in 15-20 sentences

Question 1.
What were the main effects of the Industrial Revolution in the fields of Agriculture, Transport, Canals and Roads?

The Industrial Revolution had a strong impact on agriculture and transport. In agriculture, new machines like the seed drill and threshers increased food production and reduced the need for farm labor, pushing many workers into industrial jobs. Transport was modernized with better turnpike roads built by private companies, which connected major towns and cities. Canals were another big achievement, with the Bridgewater Canal being the first successful one, linking industrial centers and allowing coal and raw materials to be moved cheaply.

Railways soon followed, replacing wagon ways and becoming a faster means of transporting both goods and people. These developments made trade, commerce, and communication easier. Agricultural produce and factory goods reached markets quickly, creating prosperity. Overall, improvements in agriculture, roads, canals, and railways laid the foundation for modern transport and industrial growth in Britain.

Question 2.
What were the main effects of the Industrial Revolution in the fields of Socialism, Capitalism, Factories and Urbanization and Child Labor?

The Industrial Revolution brought major changes in society and economy. Socialism arose as a reaction against the harshness of unregulated capitalism and demanded that society should control production. At the same time, capitalism grew stronger, with wealth invested in factories and industries, making Britain an industrial leader. Factories developed rapidly, especially in textiles, and large cities like Manchester became centres of industry. This led to urbanization, as rural people migrated to towns in search of work.

However, overcrowding and poor sanitation became serious problems in cities. Another negative effect was child labor, since children were cheap and could easily operate machines. They worked long hours for little pay, often in dangerous conditions, and had little chance for education. Thus, the Industrial Revolution created growth and progress but also brought social problems that later needed reforms.

Question 3.
Explain why the Industrial Revolution process first began in England.

The Industrial Revolution first began in England due to several advantages. England had abundant coal and iron, which were essential for industries, and surplus food from fertile farms that supported population growth. A capitalist economy encouraged investment in industries, and traders and bankers supplied capital. England also had colonies worldwide that provided raw materials and served as markets for goods.

Good transport facilities like roads, canals, and later railways connected markets and industries. Political stability and government policies also favoured trade and protected private property. Scientific progress and inventions, such as Watt’s steam engine and Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny, gave a further boost. Together, these factors made England the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.

IV. Answer in 30-40 sentence (10 marks)

Question 1.
Describe the various effects of the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution was one of the most important turning points in world history. It began in England in the 18th century and later spread to Europe and other parts of the world. It brought about changes in agriculture, industry, transport, society, economy, and politics. Its effects were both positive and negative, but it transformed the way people lived and worked.
In the field of agriculture, new machines like the seed drill and threshing machines increased food production. Farmers no longer depended only on manual labor. This freed many agricultural workers who later migrated to towns and cities to work in factories. As a result, agriculture became more efficient and modern.
In industry, the invention of machines like the Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, and steam engine revolutionized production. Goods were produced on a large scale, quickly, and cheaply. The textile industry became the first to be mechanized, followed by coal mining, iron, steel, and chemical industries. Machine tools and glass-making also advanced during this period.
In the field of transport, great progress was made. Better turnpike roads connected towns and cities. Canals such as the Bridgewater Canal helped carry coal and raw materials cheaply. Railways became the most important development, allowing quick and cheap transport of goods and passengers. This improved trade, commerce, and communication in Britain.
The Industrial Revolution also affected social life. Many people migrated from villages to towns, leading to rapid urbanization. Cities like Manchester became industrial centres. However, this also created problems like overcrowding, poor housing, and sanitation. Workers lived in unhealthy conditions, leading to diseases and poverty.
Child labour was another negative effect. Children worked in factories and mines for long hours at low wages. They had little time for education and suffered from poor health. Women also worked in industries under harsh conditions. These problems later led to social reforms and laws to protect workers.
In the field of economy, the Industrial Revolution strengthened capitalism. Wealthy industrialists and businessmen invested money in industries and made profits. At the same time, socialism arose as a reaction to exploitation of workers. Socialists demanded that society should control production and reduce inequality. This gave rise to new economic and political ideas.
The Industrial Revolution also changed international trade. Britain became the “workshop of the world.” It imported raw materials from colonies and exported finished goods. This strengthened its empire and gave it global dominance. Other European countries and the United States also followed Britain’s path.
The effects of the Industrial Revolution were seen in population and living standards as well. The population increased because of better food supply and reduced infant mortality. New professions like engineering, management, and teaching also developed. Middle-class life improved, but the working class suffered for a long time until reforms were introduced.
Politically, the Industrial Revolution brought demands for government intervention. Laissez-faire policies slowly gave way to welfare measures. Governments began to pass labour laws, improve education, and provide municipal services. New political theories were developed by thinkers like Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and John Maynard Keynes.

8.2. THE AMERICAN
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
1776-83

I. Answer in one word.

Question 1.
In which year did the American War of Independence take place?
Answer:
The American War of Independence took place in 1776.

Question 2.
Who was the commander in chief of the colonial army?
Answer:
The commander in chief of the colonial army was George Washington.

Question 3.
Who was the first President of USA?
Answer:
The first President of the USA was George Washington.

Question 4.
Who was the king of England during the American War of Independence?
Answer:
The king of England during the American War of Independence was King George III.

Question 5.
Who drafted the Declaration of American Independence?
Answer:
The Declaration of American Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.

Question 6.
In which year was the American Constitution adopted?
Answer:
The American Constitution was adopted in 1787.

II. Answer in 2 word.

Question 1.
Name any two colonies of America.
Answer:
Two colonies of America were Virginia and Massachusetts.

Question 2.
What is ‘Boston Tea Party’?
Answer:
The Boston Tea Party was a 1773 protest against the British tax on tea, where American colonists dumped tea into the Boston Harbor.

Question 3.
Mention any two factors of the Navigation Act.
Answer:
The Navigation Act forced colonies to use British ships and to sell goods only to England.

Question 4.
Name any two philosophers who influenced the American war of Independence.
Answer:
Two philosophers who influenced the American War of Independence were John Locke and Rousseau.

Question 5.
Who drafted the Declaration of American Independence? When?
Answer:
The Declaration of American Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776.

Question 6.
Name any two taxes imposed by England on the colonies.
Answer:
Two taxes imposed were the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act.

III. Answer in 15-20 sentences.

Question 1.
Describe the results of the American War of Independence.

Answer:
The American War of Independence resulted in the creation of the United States of America as a free nation. The Constitution of 1787 established a federal republic, and George Washington became the first President. Politically, monarchy was replaced by democracy and republicanism.
Socially, the war spread the ideals of liberty and equality. The Declaration of Independence inspired people with the idea that “all men are created equal.” Economically, America gained freedom of trade as the Navigation Acts were abolished.
Internationally, Britain’s power declined, while France and Spain gained importance. The success of America inspired the French Revolution and encouraged movements for nationalism and independence in other countries.
Thus, the war was not only a victory for America but also a triumph for democracy, human rights, and nationalism, influencing the entire world.

IV. Answer in 30-40 sentences

Question 1.
Explain causes for the American War of Independence.

Answer:
The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was a great event in world history, and it was caused by a combination of political, economic, and social factors.
One major cause was the colonial policy of England. Britain considered American colonies only as a source of raw materials and a market for finished goods. The colonies were not allowed to trade freely with other countries.
The Navigation Acts restricted American trade. Colonies could export goods only in British ships and import goods only through England. This angered the merchants.
Another cause was the imposition of taxes without representation. The British Parliament passed the Sugar Act (1764), the Stamp Act (1765), and the Tea Act (1773). The colonies strongly opposed these taxes. They raised the slogan “No taxation without representation.”
The Boston Tea Party (1773) became a turning point. American colonists dressed as Red Indians and dumped tea into Boston Harbor in protest against the Tea Act. In retaliation, Britain passed the Coercive Acts, which further angered the colonies.
The role of philosophers was also important. Thinkers like John Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau preached the ideas of liberty, equality, and natural rights. These ideas inspired the colonists to fight against British rule.
The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) was another cause. Britain had incurred heavy debt and tried to recover money by taxing the colonies. The colonies, however, felt this was unjust because they had no say in Parliament.
The American colonies were also becoming economically strong. They had agriculture, trade, and industries. They wanted complete freedom to develop, but British control restricted their growth.
The distance between England and America also mattered. Communication took months, and the colonists felt England did not understand their needs.
The formation of the Continental Congress (1774) united the colonies. Leaders like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin gave strong leadership and inspired unity against Britain.
Another important factor was the influence of the Glorious Revolution in England (1688). It had limited the power of the king in England. The colonists also wanted similar rights and freedoms.
The role of religion too played a part. Many colonists had fled Europe to escape religious persecution. They valued freedom highly and resisted any form of oppression.
Finally, the Declaration of Independence (1776), drafted by Thomas Jefferson, clearly expressed the causes. It declared that all men are equal and have the right to life, liberty, and happiness.
In conclusion, the causes of the American War of Independence were many—economic restrictions, unfair taxes, political oppression, intellectual influence, and national awakening. The war was the result of the colonists’ determination to establish freedom and self-rule.

8.3
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
OF 1789

I. Answer in one word or one sentence each

Question 1.
In which year did the French Revolution begin?
Answer:
The French Revolution began in 1789.

Question 2.
Name the dynasty that ruled France.
Answer:
France was ruled by the Bourbon Dynasty.

Question 3.
Who was called the ‘Grand Monarch of Europe’?
Answer:
Louis XIV was called the ‘Grand Monarch of Europe’.

Question 4.
Who was the King of France at the time of French Revolution?
Answer:
The King of France at the time of the French Revolution was Louis XVI.

Question 5.
What was the nickname of Marie Antoinette?
Answer:
The nickname of Marie Antoinette was ‘Madame Deficit’.

Question 6.
Which was the famous book of Montesquieu?
Answer:
The famous book of Montesquieu was ‘The Spirit of Laws’.

Question 7.
Name the book of Voltaire.
Answer:
The book of Voltaire was ‘Letters on the English’.

Question 8.
Name the French Philosopher who supported the benevolent despotism.
Answer:
The French philosopher who supported the benevolent despotism was Voltaire.

Question 9.
Who is known as ‘The Father of French Revolution’?
Answer:
Jean Jacques Rousseau is known as ‘The Father of French Revolution’.

Question 10.
Which book is regarded as the ‘Bible of French Revolution’?
Answer:
The book ‘Social Contract’ is regarded as the ‘Bible of French Revolution’.

Question 11.
Who wrote the book called ‘Social Contract’?
Answer:
The book called ‘Social Contract’ was written by Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Question 12.
In which year did the fall of Bastille take place?
Answer:
The fall of Bastille took place in 1789.

Question 13.
Who was the head of the ‘Committee of Public Safety’?
Answer:
The head of the ‘Committee of Public Safety’ was Robespierre.

II. Answer in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Name any two rulers of France on the Eve of French Revolution.
Answer:
The two rulers of France on the eve of the French Revolution were Louis XV and Louis XVI.

Question 2.
Who were the King and Queen of France at the time of French Revolution?
Answer:
The King was Louis XVI and the Queen was Marie Antoinette.

Question 3.
Mention any two differences between the privileged and unprivileged groups of French society.
Answer:
The privileged groups (Clergy and Nobles) paid no taxes, while the unprivileged group (Commoners) paid all taxes.
The privileged groups enjoyed special rights, while the unprivileged group faced discrimination and hardships.

Question 4.
Name the three classes of French society.
Answer:
The three classes of French society were Clergy (First Estate), Nobility (Second Estate), and Commoners (Third Estate).

Question 5.
Name any two important philosophers of France.
Answer:
Two important philosophers of France were Montesquieu and Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Question 6.
What were the principles or watch words of the French Revolution?
Answer:
The watchwords of the French Revolution were Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

Question 7.
Name any two books of J.J. Rousseau.
Answer:
Two books of J.J. Rousseau are ‘Social Contract’ and ‘Confession’.

Question 8.
Name any two taxes paid by the French people.
Answer:
Two taxes paid by the French people were Taille (Property Tax) and Gable (Salt Tax).

Question 9.
Name any two finance ministers of France on the Eve of Answer:
French Revolution.
Two finance ministers of France were Turgot and Necker.

Question 10.
What did the Finance Ministers of France suggest to solve the financial crisis?
Answer:
They suggested reducing unnecessary expenditures and imposing taxes on privileged classes.

Question 11.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
Answer:
It was the oath taken by the Third Estate on 20th June 1789 that they would not disperse until a Constitution was framed for France.

Question 12.
Name the groups of French Revolutionaries.
Answer:
The two groups of French Revolutionaries were Girondists (Moderates) and Jacobins (Extremists).

Question 13.
What is ‘September Massacre’?
Answer:
The ‘September Massacre’ refers to the mass killing of suspected loyalists in September 1792 during the French Revolution.

III. Answer in 15 to 20 sentences each:

Question 1.
Social and Economic causes for the French Revolution

Answer:
French society was divided into three estates – Clergy, Nobles, and Commoners. The first two enjoyed privileges like exemption from taxes, while the Third Estate (peasants, workers, middle class) bore the full tax burden. Taxes like Taille (land tax), Gable (salt tax), and Tithe (church tax) crushed the poor, leaving many in starvation. This social inequality and economic misery created deep resentment and became a major cause of the French Revolution.

Question 2.
Intellectual causes for the French Revolution

Answer:
The writings of philosophers inspired people to fight against inequality and tyranny. Montesquieu in The Spirit of Laws spoke of separation of powers; Voltaire criticized the church and social injustice; Rousseau in The Social Contract gave the slogans “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,” and declared, “Man is born free, but everywhere in chains.” Diderot’s Encyclopedia also attacked privileges of clergy and nobles. These ideas motivated people to revolt against monarchy.

Question 3.
Political and Immediate causes for the French Revolution

Answer:
The Bourbon kings misruled France. Louis XV and XVI were weak rulers, and Queen Marie Antoinette wasted money, earning the name “Madame Deficit.” Corruption and injustice prevailed. The immediate cause was financial bankruptcy due to costly wars and royal extravagance. Finance ministers like Turgot and Necker suggested taxing nobles, but the King rejected it. Finally, the Estates-General was called in 1789 after 175 years, which sparked the Revolution.

Question 4.
Results of the French Revolution

Answer:
The Revolution ended monarchy, feudalism, and privileges of clergy and nobles. It introduced democracy, equality, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. It spread nationalism and inspired movements in Europe and colonies like India. However, it also led to bloodshed during the Reign of Terror and the rise of Napoleon. Overall, it marked a turning point in world history.

IV. Answer in 30 to 40 sentences each:

Question 1.
Describe the various causes for the outbreak of French Revolution of 1789.
Answer:

The French Revolution of 1789 was a great event in world history, and it did not break out suddenly. It was the result of long-standing social, economic, political, and intellectual factors, along with immediate causes.
French society was divided into three estates. The First Estate was the clergy, and the Second Estate was the nobility. Both enjoyed privileges, wealth, and exemption from taxes. The Third Estate, which included peasants, workers, and the middle class, had to pay heavy taxes. They carried the entire burden of the state while having no political rights. This social inequality created anger and hatred towards the privileged classes.
Economic causes also played a big role. France was financially bankrupt due to extravagant spending by kings and wars like the Seven Years’ War and the American War of Independence. The peasants and commoners paid taxes such as the Taille (land tax), Gabelle (salt tax), and Tithe (church tax). The nobles and clergy did not contribute. Finance ministers like Turgot and Necker suggested reforms, but the King and nobles opposed them. As a result, the financial crisis worsened and famine spread.
Intellectual causes gave the revolution a strong foundation. Philosophers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot criticized monarchy, church corruption, and social inequality. Rousseau’s Social Contract declared “Man is born free, but everywhere in chains,” inspiring people to demand liberty, equality, and fraternity. Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws spoke of separation of powers, while Voltaire attacked the abuses of the church. These ideas created revolutionary spirit among the people.
Politically, the Bourbon monarchy had become corrupt and weak. Louis XV was called the “Grand Monarch,” but he left the kingdom in debt. His successor, Louis XVI, was weak, indecisive, and influenced by his wife Marie Antoinette, known as “Madame Deficit” for her extravagance. The monarchy lost the respect of the people, and demands for change increased.
The immediate cause of the Revolution was the calling of the Estates-General in 1789 after 175 years. The King wanted new taxes to solve the financial crisis. The Third Estate demanded reforms and equal rights but was ignored. This led them to declare themselves as the National Assembly. On 20th June 1789, they took the famous “Tennis Court Oath,” pledging not to separate until France got a constitution.
Finally, on 14th July 1789, the people of Paris stormed the Bastille prison, a symbol of tyranny. This marked the outbreak of the French Revolution. Thus, the Revolution was caused by a combination of social inequality, economic bankruptcy, political misrule, intellectual awakening, and immediate financial crisis.

Question 2.
Briefly write about the causes and results of French Revolution of 1789.

Answer:

The French Revolution of 1789 was one of the most important revolutions in history. It was caused by several long-term and immediate factors, and it brought significant changes not only in France but also in the world.
The causes of the French Revolution can be divided into social, economic, political, and intellectual causes. French society was divided into three estates. The First Estate (clergy) and Second Estate (nobles) enjoyed privileges and did not pay taxes, while the Third Estate (peasants, workers, and middle class) carried the entire tax burden. This inequality created widespread resentment.
Economically, France was in crisis. Heavy taxation, rising prices, and food shortages created misery among common people. The American War of Independence and royal extravagance pushed the state into bankruptcy. Finance ministers like Turgot and Necker suggested reforms like taxing nobles, but these were rejected by the King and aristocracy.
Intellectual causes played a powerful role. Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Voltaire inspired the people with new ideas of democracy, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Rousseau’s Social Contract became the “Bible of the Revolution,” Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws explained separation of powers, and Voltaire criticized the church and social injustice.
Politically, the Bourbon monarchy was weak. Louis XVI lacked leadership qualities, and Queen Marie Antoinette’s wasteful spending made the monarchy unpopular. Corruption, inefficiency, and the denial of reforms made the people impatient.
The immediate cause was the financial crisis and the calling of the Estates-General in May 1789. The Third Estate demanded reforms but was ignored, so they declared themselves the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath. Soon after, on 14th July 1789, the people stormed the Bastille prison in Paris, marking the beginning of the Revolution.
The results of the French Revolution were far-reaching. The monarchy was abolished, and feudal privileges were ended. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed liberty, equality, and fraternity. The revolution inspired nationalism, democracy, and human rights not only in France but also in Europe and other parts of the world. However, it also led to bloodshed during the Reign of Terror and paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
In conclusion, the French Revolution of 1789 was caused by deep-rooted inequalities, financial crisis, and intellectual awakening. Its results were both positive and negative, but overall it changed the course of world history and became a landmark event in the age of revolutions.